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1989-09-10
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RAD SOFTWARE'S HAMMER-HEAD(TM) OPTIMAL OPTIONS PRICING PROGRAM
(C) Copyright RAD SOFTWARE INC., 1989.
All rights reserved.
This program is distributed under the shareware concept. If you find
it usefull please register by sending a $45.00 contribution to:
RAD Software Inc.
1515 Santa Barbara St.
Santa Barbara Ca. 93101
This will you get full tech-support and news about new releases, and
allow us to pay some of our programmers. Thank you for your support.
You can order/register directly from us or from the Public (Software)
Library (PSL) by calling 1-800-2424-PSL for orders only (call 713-665-7017
for questions about orders) or by writing PSL; P.O. Box 35705; Houston, TX
77235-5705. MC/Visa Accepted. For technical support, call 805-962-7919
WARNING
DUE TO VARIABLES NOT ABLE TO BE ISOLATED, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE
TO DETERMINE IN FACT WHETHER ANY STOCK, INDEX, COMMODITY, OR FUTURES
MARKET AND/OR OPTION IS IN FACT UNDER OR OVER VALUED. NO INFORMATION
PRESENTED BY THE HAMMER-HEAD(TM) OPTIMAL OPTIONS PRICING PROGRAM IS A
GUARANTEE OR WARRANTY THAT ANY INVESTMENT ACTION TAKEN WITH RESPECT TO
SUCH INFORMATION SHALL BE SUCCESSFUL. THE HAMMER-HEAD(TM) OPTIMAL
OPTIONS PRICING PROGRAM INDICATES THAT ANY GIVEN "RECOMMENDATION" MAY BE
MORE LIKELY TO SO OCCUR AND THAT ANY "FAIR VALUE" NUMBER IS TO BE
DETERMINED ACCURATE SOLELY BY THE USER. ANY USER OF THE HAMMER-HEAD(TM)
OPTIMAL OPTIONS PRICING PROGRAM SHALL ASSUME ALL RISKS FROM ANY
DECISIONS MADE FROM A PRICING MODEL WITHIN THE PROGRAM, AND RAD SOFTWARE
MAKES NO WARRANTIES THERETO.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the Hammer-Head(tm) program is to provide an optimum
options pricing system for option players unable to afford large pricing
systems or option pricing service. The pricing strategy is simply
to show the user when an option is over or under valued. No complex
strategies, such as option straddles or spreads, are presented in the
program.
The program is designed for all option players simply wishing
to determine the "fair value" of a given option. Big institutions may
have large systems telling them when options are priced right, and now
with the hammer program, small-time players and brokers will be able to
play these markets with confidence, knowing when an option is correctly
priced.
The program is designed to be simple, thorough, and easy to
understand even for the person with little or no experience with
computers. All the information needed to use the program is
available in the Wall Street Journal, no other outside information
sources are needed.
It should be noted that the Hammer-Head(tm) program IS NOT meant to
be a tutorial on trading options, and to use and understand the program
the user should have some experience or knowledge of option trading
and options markets. There are many excellent books for the beginner
wishing to play options, and a few are listed in the appendix of this
manual.
Within the manual and the program, we refer to options as stock
options. It should be noted though that the program will correctly
evaluate index options and commodity options.
INFORMATION NEEDED FROM USER
The Hammer-Head(tm) program is designed so that very little
information is needed from the user. Some information is needed however
and here is what that information is.
A) Option's underlying stock's last closing price.
Found in the Wall Street Journal's stock quotes under "close".
B) Option's underlying stock's yearly high price and yearly low
price. Found in the Wall Street Journal's stock quotes under
52-week hi,lo.
C) Current daily interest rate. Found in Wall Street Journal under
current treasury bills yield.
D) The options strike price will be needed in portions of the program.
Strike price is user determined.
HAVE FUN, BE CAREFUL, DON'T LET YOUR EMOTIONS CONTROL YOUR
TRADING, BE NICE TO YOUR FELLOW HUMAN BEINGS.
MANUAL ORGANIZATION AND TABLE OF CONTENTS
-----------------------------------------
The Hammer-Head(tm) program is organized in such a way that many
routines are the same throughout the program. Therefore it is not
necessary to explain how to use each of these routines in all parts of
the manual.
The first section of the manual describes how to use the functions
that are the same throughout the program, and the second section
describes how to use specialized functions in each MAIN-MENU option.
The term MAIN-MENU refers to the first screen that comes up when
the program is run. The term SUB-MENU refers to the menu options within
a chosen function from the MAIN-MENU.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-----------------
Section 1: Installation Of Hammer-Head(tm) program......pg 5
Changing The System Date.....................pg 6
Changing The Printer Port....................pg 6
Volatility - Calculating And Choosing........pg 7
Daily Interest Rate..........................pg 7
Pricing Models...............................pg 8
Help Screens.................................pg 8
Printing Functions...........................pg 8
Section 2: View Multiple Options For Stock..............pg 9
View Single Call/Put Fair Value..............pg 10
Fair Value Call Pricing Table................pg 11
Fair Value Put Pricing Table.................pg 12
Appendix Reading Material, Tech support...............pg 13
A Word About Volatility......................pg 14
INSTALLATION
------------
The Hammer-Head(tm) program will require an IBM PC, AT, PS/2 or
compatible system with a minimum of 128k RAM installed running under DOS
2.0 or higher. At least one 560k floppy disk drive must be installed in
system.
Installation is as follows:
A) Single Floppy based system.
Use the DOS DISKCOPY command to copy all files to a new disk. Consult
your DOS manual for instructions. When this is completed, insert the new
disk into the floppy drive and type HAMMER <Enter> to run the Hammer-
Head(tm) program.
B) Hard-drive and dual floppy systems.
Insert the Hammer-Head(tm) program disk into FLOPPY drive A. Type
INSTALL <Enter>. The installation program will ask you what drive you
wish to install the Hammer-Head(tm) program on, and what directory you
wish the program to be located. Installation will then begin. After the
installation process is complete type HAMMER <Enter> to run the Hammer-
Head(tm) program.
CHANGING THE SYSTEM DATE
------------------------
All the calculations made in the Hammer-Head(tm) program are based on
the amount of time from the current system date to the date of a
particular option's expiration (with the exception of SINGLE CALL/PUT
FAIR VALUE which uses an exact amount of days specified by the user).
The date used at program start-up will be the current date stored in your
computer. If you wish to change the date follow this example.
From the MAIN-MENU, choose F6.
Enter the date you wish to use in the format MM/DD/YY.
(You do NOT enter the "/" characters, the program will automatically
skip to the appropriate fields)
Press the <Enter> key to accept the date.
NOTES: Dates such as 6/1/89 should be entered as 06/01/89.
Changing the date DOES NOT change the date stored internally
by the computer, and upon exiting the program the date will
be the same as when the program was started.
CHANGING THE PRINTER PORT
-------------------------
When the Hammer-Head(tm) program is first run, the default printer
port will be port #1 (LPT1: ,PRN1:). If your computer is set up to use
printer port #2 (LPT2: ,PRN2:) you will want to change the default port
number. You may also use this option to change back to port #1.
From the MAIN MENU, press F9.
Choose the correct printer port number for your computer.
( 1 = PORT #1, 2 = PORT #2)
If you choose a different port number than the current port number,
the program will ask if you want to save the port number as the new
default. Press Y to save the port number as the new default, N for no
save.
VOLATILITY
----------
Volatility of a stock is a measurement that determines what the
chances are that a stock's price will move to a given price above
or below the current price in a certain amount of time. The higher
the volatility level of a given stock, the higher the stock's options
will be priced. The lower the volatility level of a stock, the lower
a stock's options will be priced. To determine the volatility level
of a given stock, follow the example below.
From the MAIN MENU, choose F7.
From all SUB-MENUS, choose ALT-F7.
The program asks the user to enter in the stock's yearly high
price and yearly low price. Enter the appropriate prices and
the program will calculate the stocks volatility and show it
to you on the screen.** There are actually two volatility rating
numbers shown, one is biased for stocks and one is biased for
indexes. The volatility number is not saved, so you must remember this
number for future use.
In all SUB-MENU options, volatility is entered by choosing the
F5 option and directly entering in the volatility number, or
by choosing F6, F7, F8 for automatic volatility number choice.
F6 selects a low volatility level, 20%.
F7 selects a average volatility level, 30%.
F8 selects a high volatility level, 40%.
Remember, in all SUB-MENU options, choosing ALT-F7 allows you to
calculate volatility with the stock's yearly high and low price.
** ( PLEASE READ THE APPENDIX SECTION "A WORD ABOUT VOLATILITY" FOR
A SMALL DISCUSSION OF PROBLEMS INHERENT WITH THE FORMULA USED. )
DAILY INTEREST RATE
-------------------
The daily interest rate is simply the current yield on short term
treasury bills. The first time Hammer is run on the computer, the
default interest rate will be set to 9.0%. You can change this number
from the main menu and the new interest rate will be used throughout the
entire program.
To set the interest rate at the MAIN-MENU, choose F5, and enter in
the new interest rate. The Program will then ask you if you want to
save the new rate as the default, enter Y for yes, N for no. If yes,
this will become the new default interest rate. If no, the program
will still use the new rate entered, but only until you exit the
program.
From all SUB-MENU options, choosing F1 allows you to set a temporary
interest rate without affecting the default rate. The new interest rate
will be used until you exit back to the main menu and the default
interest rate is chosen again.
PRICING MODELS
--------------
The Hammer-Head(tm) program uses three distinct pricing models for
calculations (NOT at the same time). These three models are the
standard Black & Scholes model, the Fischer Black model, and the RHX1
model which is RAD Software variation of the Black & Scholes model.
These three models give the user three distinct values to consider when
purchasing an option.
You may change the pricing model in MAIN-MENU options F1, F3 & F4
(Multiple Options, Fair Value Call Pricing, Fair Value Put Pricing) by
choosing F4 within the SUB-MENU. In each SUB-MENU, the default model is
Black & Scholes. Choosing F4 will bring up a menu of model choices.
Enter 1 for the Black & Scholes model, 2 for the Fischer Black model,
and 3 for the RHX1 model.
NOTE:
The Black & Scholes model was developed for pricing CALL options
only and the PUT values presented are derived from a conversion process
developed by RAD Software Inc. This is also true for the RHX1 model.
Also, while the mathematical formulas used in the program are derived
directly from the standard models, differences in some techniques used
to derive these formulas may vary. Therefore the actual prices
presented here may vary slightly from the Hammer Head(tm) system to
other systems in use. We suggest using the Fischer-Black model for
evaluating puts.
HELP SCREENS
------------
The Hammer-Head(tm) program has on-line help available in all
SUB-MENU functions. Simply choose F10 in any SUB-MENU option and a help
screen will appear. The help screens are almost a complete manual and
most users will not use the manual after the first time running the
program. No help is available from the MAIN-MENU.
PRINTING FUNCTIONS
------------------
The Hammer-Head(tm) program allows you to send the information you
see on the screen to a printer. To do this choose F9 from any SUB-MENU.
Note that on all menu options except "View Single Call/Put Fair Value"
the printout is more extensive than the information on the screen.
Before printing, the program will ask for a stock name to be used on
the printout. This is so you will remember the stock you were analyzing
when you refer to the printouts at a later time. If you do not wish
a stock name on the printout, merely press the <Enter> key and no stock
name will appear.
MAIN-MENU OPTION F1 : MULTIPLE OPTIONS PRICING.
-----------------------------------------------
This portion of the program allows the user to view multiple
call and put prices (fair values), for multiple time periods, for a
single stock price.
EXAMPLE : STARTING FROM THE MAIN-MENU
A) Choose F1 (View Multiple Options For Stock)
B) Choose F3 (Stock Pr.), enter in 100.00 for stock price.
C) Choose F7 (Av Volat.). Selects average volatility rating.
The screen will now fill up the option values. The user will see
seven strike prices for calls, and seven strike prices for puts.
These individual strike prices have optimum pricing out to six months
of time. The dates used for the time increments are the actual month
and date of the next 7 expirations, the time is calculated from the
current system date to the expiration date. The user should consider
the prices shown the "fair value" of a particular option.
SUB-MENU OPTIONS :
F1 : Allows user to change interest rate temporarily.
F2 : View all the current settings. (Price, Interest, Volat, Model)
F3 : Allows user to enter stock price for calculations.
F4 : Change to a different pricing model.
F5 : Allows user to enter in a new volatility rating.
F6 : Automatically choose a low volatility rating.
F7 : Automatically choose an average volatility rating.
F8 : Automatically choose a high volatility rating.
F9 : Send out information to printer
F10 : View help screen.
ALT-F7: Allows user to calculate volatility.
MAIN-MENU OPTION F2 : SINGLE CALL/PUT FAIR VALUE.
------------------------------------------------
This portion of the program allows the user to view a single option
strike price, for a single stock price, for a specific amount of time
till expiration, for all pricing models.
EXAMPLE : STARTING FROM THE MAIN-MENU
A) Choose F2 (View Single Call/Put Fair Value).
B) Choose F2 (Days To Exp), enter in 45 for 45 days left till
expiration. You may choose any number of days left from 1
to 200.
C) Choose F3 (Stock Pr.), enter in 100.00 for stock price.
This represents the stock's current close price.
D) Choose F4 (Strike Pr.) Choose the strike price for the
option you wish to analyze.
E) Choose F7 (Av Volat ) Choose average volatility rating.
The screen will now show the user what the "fair value" should be
for the option call, and for the option put. You also get to see the
prices for all three pricing models simultaneously. All the chosen
values appear in the lower right corner of the screen.
SUB-MENU OPTIONS :
F1 : Allows user to change interest rate temporarily.
F2 : Allows user to enter the number of days till expiration.
F3 : Allows user to enter stock price for calculations.
F4 : Allows user to enter strike price for calculations.
F5 : Allows user to enter in a new volatility rating.
F6 : Automatically choose a low volatility rating.
F7 : Automatically choose an average volatility rating.
F8 : Automatically choose a high volatility rating.
F9 : Send out information to printer
F10 : View help screen.
ALT-F7: Allows user to calculate volatility.
MAIN-MENU OPTION F3 : FAIR VALUE CALL PRICING TABLE.
----------------------------------------------------
This portion of the program allows the user to view a single
call option strike price (fair value) with multiple stock price values
at multiple time periods so the value can be determined intra-day very
easily by viewing the table.
EXAMPLE : STARTING FROM THE MAIN-MENU
A) Choose F3 (Fair Value Call Pricing Table).
B) Choose F3 (Strike Pr.), enter in 100.00 for an option call
strike price of 100.
C) Choose F7 (Av Volat.). Selects average volatility rating.
The screen will now fill up the option values. The user will see
the value of the stock price on the far right column on the screen,
and the option values for specific time periods in their respective
columns. These individual strike prices have optimum pricing out to
six months of time. The dates used for the time increments are the
actual month and date of the next 7 expirations, the time is calculated
from the current system date to the expiration date. The user should
consider the prices shown the "fair value" of a particular option.
SUB-MENU OPTIONS :
F1 : Allows user to change interest rate temporarily.
F2 : View all the current settings. (Price, Interest, Volat, Model)
F3 : Allows user to enter call strike price for calculations.
F4 : Change to a different pricing model.
F5 : Allows user to enter in a new volatility rating.
F6 : Automatically choose a low volatility rating.
F7 : Automatically choose an average volatility rating.
F8 : Automatically choose a high volatility rating.
F9 : Send out information to printer
F10 : View help screen.
ALT-F7: Allows user to calculate volatility.
MAIN-MENU OPTION F4 : FAIR VALUE PUT PRICING TABLE.
--------------------------------------------------
This portion of the program allows the user to view a single
put option strike price (fair value) with multiple stock price values
at multiple time periods so the value can be determined intra-day very
easily by viewing the table.
EXAMPLE : STARTING FROM THE MAIN-MENU
A) Choose F3 (Fair Value Put Pricing Table).
B) Choose F3 (Strike Pr.), enter in 100.00 for an option put
strike price of 100.
C) Choose F7 (Av Volat.). Selects average volatility rating.
The screen will now fill up the option values. The user will see
the value of the stock price on the far right column on the screen,
and the option values for specific time periods in their respective
columns. These individual strike prices have optimum pricing out to
six months of time. The dates used for the time increments are the
actual month and date of the next 7 expirations, the time is calculated
from the current system date to the expiration date. The user should
consider the prices shown the "fair value" of a particular option.
SUB-MENU OPTIONS :
F1 : Allows user to change interest rate temporarily.
F2 : View all the current settings. (Price, Interest, Volat, Model)
F3 : Allows user to enter put strike price for calculations.
F4 : Change to a different pricing model.
F5 : Allows user to enter in a new volatility rating.
F6 : Automatically choose a low volatility rating.
F7 : Automatically choose an average volatility rating.
F8 : Automatically choose a high volatility rating.
F9 : Send out information to printer
F10 : View help screen.
ALT-F7: Allows user to calculate volatility.
APPENDIX
--------
Suggested reading material for users not familiar with options and
option markets.
TITLE : The Complete Option Player **
AUTHOR : Kenneth Trester
PUBLISHER: InvesTrek Publishing
TITLE : The Option Player's Advanced Guidebook **
AUTHOR : Kenneth Trester
PUBLISHER: InvesTrek Publishing
For More Advanced Option Players -
TITLE : The Stock Options Manual
AUTHOR : Gary Gastineau
PUBLISHER: McGraw-Hill Book Company
TITLE : Option Pricing And Investment Strategies.
AUTHOR : Richard M. Bookstaber
PUBLISHER: Probus Publishing
** Kenneth Trester's books use a volatility rating formula using the
stock's yearly high and low price, as does RAD Software's formula.
However, the formulas are completely different and RAD Software Inc.
recommends NOT using the formula presented by Trester.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT : Tech support is available from RAD Software Inc.
once you send us the $35.00 registration fee.
If you have any comments, suggestions or are seeking a custom
programming house specializing in stock and option speculation please
write to :
RAD SOFTWARE INC.
1515 SANTA BARBARA ST.
SANTA BARBARA CA. 93101
Hammer-Head is a trademark of RAD Software Inc.
RAD Software Inc. uses compilers from BORLAND INTERNATIONAL exclusively.
APPENDIX
--------
A WORD ABOUT VOLATILITY
-----------------------
The exact definition of volatility is the variance of the rate of
return on a given stock. Since the Hammer-Head(tm) program is not a
historical database, only yearly high and yearly low prices are used.
This means we determine the rate of return and variance for only one
time period. The advantages of this is that very little data is needed to
determine volatility. However, there are some serious flaws in the method
when using only the yearly high and low that may lead to inaccurate
results in the "fair value" prices generated. Lets take an example case
of how these ratings could be misleading. We will examine two fictitious
stocks for the example.
STOCK #1 : In a one year period, the stock climbed 1 point every
month. The price started at 20 dollars and went to 32
dollars. The yearly high is 32, the yearly low is 20.
STOCK #2 : The stock starts at a price of twenty dollars.
In one month the stock rises to 32 dollars.
The next month the stock drops to 20 dollars.
The next month the stock rises to 32 dollars.
The next month the stock drops to 20 dollars.
This cycle continues for one year, making the stock's
yearly high 32, the yearly low 20.
* The Hammer-Head(tm) volatility method gives stock #1 a rating of 24.97.
* The Hammer-Head(tm) volatility method gives stock #2 a rating of 24.97.
Clearly these results are not correct. Both stocks have the same
yearly high and yearly low, giving the exact same volatility rating.
From simple examination of the stocks price action we can see that
stock #2 is clearly a more volatile stock. Since volatility is a key
component of the calculations used to determine "fair value" prices,
these factors must be considered since the results could be seriously
misleading. Several charting and pricing services use and report a more
accurate volatility rating due to the fact that they have the data
necessary to calculate the rate. If you have access to such a service you may consider using their
volatility rating if it is known accurate to you. If you do decide
to use a volatility rating from another source, be sure you are using
the actual stock volatility rating, NOT a stock's beta rating.
* Both using Stock Bias rating.